Indigenous Health Care Essay -- Sociology, Australian Ancient Aborigin

Introduction In this essay the writer will discuss the colonisation of Australia, and the effects that dispossession had on indigenous communities. It will define health, comparing the difference between indigenous and non- indigenous health. It will point out the benefits and criticism of the Biomedical and sociological models of health, and state why it is important in healthcare to be culturally competent with Transcultural theory. The case study of Rodney will be analyzed to distinguish which models of health were applied to Rodney’s care, and if transcultural theory was present when health care workers were dealing with Rodney’s treatment plan. Discussion Ancient Aboriginals were the first people to set foot on the Australian continent, over 40,000 years or more before Colonization (Eckermann, 2010). They survived by hunting and gathering their food, worshipping the land to protect its resources, and ensuring their survival. The aboriginal community had adapted to the environment, building a strong framework of social, cultural, and spiritual beliefs (Eckermann, 2010). Colonisation of Australia began in 1788, when Englishman Captain Cook claimed the land as an empty, uninhabited, continent giving it the classification Terra Nullius and leaving it open to colonization. Eckermann (2010), stated that the English failed to recognise the aboriginal tribes as civilized, co-inhibiters of the land, feeling they had no right to a claim. Major settlements occurred after the nineteenth century. The British had quickly out-numbered the Aboriginal community, leaving them powerless to the changes or the invasion. The belief systems of the Europeans overpowered the aboriginal’s way of life, pressuring them to conform to the... ...ans, is especially crucial in the health care setting in order to build a relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians and to break down communication barrier’s. To provide Indigenous people with adequate health care emphasis needs to be placed on understanding indigenous beliefs and the social detriments Indigenous communities are faced with. Applying a suitable model of health to each individual situation will provide the best outcome. This was evident in the case study discussed in the essay. Rodney’s experiences within the medical world ended with a positive and desirable result, but if the appropriate transcultural care was not given, that positive result would have created a negative outcome, which could have been detrimental to Rodney’s future health. This shows the significance that health care workers can have on patient care.

Nurse’s Professional Image

Over the years, the nursing profession has faced an image overhaul that concretely defined her role in the society. The nurse uniforms which exude the most identifiable mark of the profession in the health sector and the society have also faced alterations that greatly affect the public’s perception of nurses. In an exhibit at the Philadelphia’s Fabric Workshop, many conclude that nurses are no longer identifiable with the profession. The contemporary transitions that constantly evolved to define her busy role has brought forth an identity crisis that even patients, family members, other health professionals and workers have difficulty labeling her role in the health care setting. This transition was highly observed in the last two decades as nurses have found the ease in wearing casual and sometime colorful uniform attire (Harrion, 2001:41)(Houweling, 2004:42). The identity of the white uniform became lost as nurses prefer the comfort and ease of the scrub uniforms (Houweling, 2004:40). In the past decades, the nurse in a white uniform communicated a professional confidence brought about by the competency of her job and training. The nurse’s cap was also the known distinguishing mark that respectable nurses wore based on Florence Nightingale’s 1874 model(Dodd,2005:7).To look back, the earliest uniforms focused more on functionality and feminine virtue and were more or less associated with the religious orders and military nursing groups (Ellis and Harley, 2004: 185). The propriety of wearing a cap also followed uniformity as a respectable way for women to earn and be distinguished at the institution. The early uniforms were long, starched long sleeves with detachable collars and cuff that included a cape that could be worn during the winter months (Houweling, 2004:41). By the end of the 19th century, the functional white dress was adapted that catered to the evolution of pantsuits in the 60’s. The traditional nurse uniform has existed in many variants from the dress, apron and cap yet the basic style has remained recognizable in many years (Hallam, 41). In the late 60’s, psychiatric nurses pushed against the white uniform in their setting and were finally allowed to wear street clothes in the 1970’s. In the 1980’s, many hospitals no longer required nurses to wear the nursing cap given their expanded nursing roles (Ellis, Hartley & Love: 184). Harrion explained that the cap discourages the men from entering the profession and the cap is identified with a â€Å"handmaiden† mark attached to it which is contradicted as male nurses were unlikely forced to wear the nurses’ cap, this status was reserved for the female nurses. Another insistence is that the cap was quite hard to keep clean which is again contradicted merely by the fact that starched caps can be dry cleaned. Even the nursing pin which was a significant mark and a â€Å"coat of arms† of the nursing profession has lost its appeal. Contemporary nurses are now reduced to wearing comfortable scrubs that were once limited to the specialty areas such as the CCU, ICU and ER where practicality is an issue. In Japan, nurses were once kimono clad and appeared like the under-maid types to keep their tradition alive (Takahashi, 2004: 4). Stimulated by the women’s position in the western society, the western concept of the profession gained popular adherence as the white uniform was adapted for all Japanese nurses in the health service (Takahashi:5). This process faced grandstanding as Japanese doctors trained Europe pushed for the adoption of the white uniform among the Japanese nurses in an effort to positively uplift and identify the professional nurse. After many years of retaining their traditional garb, Japan soon realized that issues of hygiene and practicality were at stake. Further they were able to realize and understand that the nursing uniform embodies probity and purity that is needed to overhaul the image of the female workers in Japan. Today, the nursing profession is again facing major upheavals that de-emphasize the purity of the standard white uniform in favor of the comfortable scrubs. This is a dilemma that nurses face in a work setting where many other caregivers wear the same garb. Patients and other health workers have trouble identifying the nurse from the rest of the ordinary caregivers. The public image of the nursing profession is suffering as the effort to communicate the value of the profession is diminishing. Mangum, Garrison, Lind, Thackeray and Wyatt once recommend that nurses wear clothing that clearly distinguish them as professional nurses (Ellis, Hartley & Love, 2004: 184). Others believed that the white standard uniform exudes power and authority compared to the rumpled and disordered appearance of the colored scrubs. Despite the many images equated with the profession and the media’s continued assault on the appearance of nurses there is an immediate need to revamp the current attire. White according to most nurses denotes sanitation and cleanliness; they could be tailored and modified to enhance the figure using a fine material with insignias that could denote rank and position would give power and authority over the other ordinary caregivers in the health institution. Given the physical exertion of the profession, the cap might pose to be too unrealistic. This could prove to be more amenable rather than seeing professional nurses around the hospital garbed in attire that are commonly worn by the orderlies. This is an image problem and physicians would probably like to see nurses in uniforms of power rather than in rumpled an colored attires dressed like ordinary orderlies. The uniform is what makes nurses look good and present a professional appearance. When one wears costumes that convey their attributes, virtues and training, the patient sees the nurse as someone he can trust along with his physician. Wearing a well-tailored uniform and displaying the nursing pin helps nurses from being belittled by patients and their families. Nurses give up their power and authority as a profession when not dressed uniformly and loose their self-esteem when viewed ordinarily (Masters, 2005:130). The uniform identifies the specific and unique place that professional nurses have in the health care system (Masters, 2005:112). Thus, if nurses wish for doctors to treat them as colleagues in healthcare, society to acknowledge them as authorities, and to be paid as the profession deserves, the professional image should be insisted. Therefore if one wishes to be treated as a â€Å"ministering angel† (Hallam: 133); or as a professional and as a privileged individual, the professional appearance must portray a positive public image (Dodd, 2005: 6). Works Cited Hallam, Julia. Nursing the Image:   Media, Image and Professional Identity. Routledge. Masters, Kathleen. (2005). Role Development in Professional Nursing Practice. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Ellis, Janice Rider and Hartley, Love, Celia. (2004). Nursing in today’s World: Challenges, Issues and Trends. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Takahashi, Aya. (2004). The Development of the Japanese Nursing Profession: Adopting and Adapting Western Influences. Routledge. Harrion, Lois. (20010. Professional Practical/Vocational Nursing. Thomson Delmar Learning. Houweling, Lynn. (2004, April). Image, Function, and Style: A history of the nursing uniform.   American Journal of Nursing, 104, 4. p. 40 – 48 Dodd, Elizabeth, Bates, C., Rousseau, N. (eds). (2005). On All Frontiers: Four Centuries of Canadian Nursing. Ottawa: University of Ottawa.   

Short Story about Drama Romeo and Juliet - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 495 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Romeo and Juliet Essay William Shakespeare Essay Did you like this example? A drama well known by William Shakespeare is Romeo and Juliet. Shakespeare’s play about the doomed romance of two teenagers from feuding families is the most famous love story written. This play was first performed around 1596, Romeo and Juliet has been adapted by ballets, operas, the musical West Side Story, and a dozen other films. The forcefulness of love, love is the play’s most dominant and most important theme. The play focuses on romantic love, specifically the intense passion that springs up in the first sight between Romeo and Juliet. The love is violent, ecstatic, overpowering force that supersedes all other values, loyalties, and emotions. Love as a cause of violence, the themes of death and violence permeate Romeo and Juliet, and they are always connected to passion, whether the passion is love or hate. The individual versus society, much of Romeo and Juliet involves the lovers’ struggles against public and social institutions that disagree with the existence of their love. The inevitability to fate, this is the first address to the audience, the Chorus states that Romeo and Juliet are â€Å"star crossed† that is to say that fate controls them. This sense of fate permeates the play but, not just for the audience, the characters are also quite aware of it. Romeos actions play into the hands of fate, his determination to spend eternity with Juliet results in their deaths. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Short Story about Drama Romeo and Juliet" essay for you Create order Romeo is the son of Montague and Lady Montague. Romeo is sixteen, he is intelligent, handsome, and sensitive. Though immature, his idealism and passion make him a likeable character. Juliet, the daughter of Capulet and Lady Capulet, a beautiful thirteen-year-old girl. She begins the play as a naive child who has thought little about love and marriage, but she quickly grows up upon falling in love with Romeo, the son of her family’s great enemy. Friar Lawrence, a Franciscan, friend to both Romeo and Juliet. Mercutio who is a kinsman to the Prince, and Romeos friend. He is one of the most extraordinary characters in all of Shakespeares plays, Mercutio is full of imagination, wit, and at times, a strange, biting satire, and brooding fervor. In Romeo and Juliet, the play’s main point of view is between two lovers. In the first half of the play, Romeo has the dominant point of view. We spend a majority of our time with him, and he is the character that does the most to advance the action. We first see Juliet at home with her mother and her Nurse, discussing a potential marriage to Paris. Like Romeo, she plans to attend the party to check out a prospective mate. By introducing the audience to each character before they meet each other, the play lets us see who they are as individuals, and how they are changed by love. Romeo initially seems more in love with the idea of love than Rosaline herself, while Juliet seems hesitant to fall in love at all.

Gueule de bois - French Expression

Expression: Gueule de bois Pronunciation: [gool d(eu) bwa] Meaning: hangover Literal translation: wooden mouth Register: informal Notes A hangover is, hopefully, not something you have every day, but when you do, it might be helpful to know that the French translation is la gueule de bois. Gueule is an informal term for mouth, and de bois describes how dry it feels when you have a hangover. Coincidentally, bois is also the first and second person present conjugation of boire  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€¹ to drink. Examples   Ã‚  Ã‚  Bonne Annà ©e ! Ne bois trop de champagne, tu ne veux pas avoir la gueule de bois demain.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Happy New Year! Dont drink too much champagne, you dont want to have a hangover tomorrow.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Oh là   là  , ma tà ªte ! Jai la gueule de bois.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ohh, my head! I have a hangover/Im hung over.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Quest-ce que tu vas faire pour soigner ta gueule de bois  ?   Ã‚  Ã‚  What will you do to cure your hangover? More Expressions with avoirMost common French phrasesNew Years in France

The Legalization of Marijuana Essay - 1387 Words

The United States has been tricking its people for over 50 years, the government continues to say that marijuana is harmful to one’s health and well-being, yet the positives of this drug outweigh the very few negatives. There have been countless studies trying to pin at least one serious side effect of smoking or ingesting marijuana, but these studies are ultimately unsuccessful. Marijuana in fact, has many health benefits, ones that can cure or suppress many modern diseases, some of which can modern medicine to shame, why would we need anything else? There are many other more dangerous drugs on the market. Tobacco, Alcohol and prescription pills, these three things kill hundreds of thousands of people annually, but the government†¦show more content†¦Serious, life threatining diseases like cancer have been effectively treated from medical marijuana. It has been known to suppress cancer, help depression, reduce blood pressure, treat glaucoma, alleviate pain and even i nhibit HIV, it is also an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. â€Å"The late Dr. Tod Mikuriya, a former national administrator of the U.S. governments marijuana research programs, appeared in a film about the business of marijuana prohibition shortly before his 2007 death called The Union†¦ ‘After dealing with about 10,000 patents in the last 15 years, Id say about 200 different medical conditions respond favorably to cannabis,’ Mikuriya said† (Smith). Marijuana is the future of medicine; it will save countless lives without the serious risk of taking others. Marijuana’s healthy benefits come from the two compounds that make up the plant, THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) and CBD (Cannibidiol), these two things are what make the plant so great. THC is the compound in the plant that gets one â€Å"high† and the reason why most recreational users partake. Even though THC has many health benefits, the plants real healing properties come from the compound CBD. This is the part of the plant that doesn’t get one â€Å"high† that’s why most growers have bred plants that have no signs of CBD. â€Å"The problem is growers realized decades ago that THC is what sells: it provides the floating, Euphoric feelingShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe Legalization of Cannabis in Ohio Marijuana is a controversial topic all across the United States. Recently marijuana has been voted on, legalized, and denied legalization in multiple states. There are still more states trying to fight the green fight for marijuana. The fight for legalization hasn’t been an easy one for cannabis supporters; they have been fighting tooth and nail to make it happen. One of the main concerns in the marijuana debates are whether or not marijuana is a gateway drugRead MoreLegalization Of Marijuana And Marijuana1633 Words   |  7 PagesBalyuk March 8, 2016 Legalization of Marijuana Marijuana has a few different names that are commonly used in today’s society including weed and cannabis. Weed is smoked with joints, bongs, or pipes. Marijuana can also be mixed with foods usually brownies, cookies, and candy which are called edibles. The main chemical responsible for the high feeling is called THC but marijuana also contains over 500 chemicals. The chemical is found in resin produced by the leaves and buds. â€Å"Marijuana is the most commonlyRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization Essay2566 Words   |  11 Pagescurrent prohibition on marijuana reforms has put the United States in a similar situation. Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, â€Å"95 million Americans age 12 and older have tried pot at least once, and three out of every four illicit-drug users reported using marijuana within the previous 30 days† (ONDCP). The decriminalization and eve ntually legalization for the recreational use of marijuana will bring forth benefitsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization1282 Words   |  6 Pages On November 8th, 2016, the California Marijuana Legalization Initiative may be included on the ballot. The people of California will vote on whether to legalize the recreational use of cannabis for adults. The move targets at regulating the consumption of the drug and taxing it like other legalized drugs. California was the first state to legalize medical marijuana in 1996 (National Institute of Drug Abuse). The state prohibited any legal actions from being taken on patients and recognized caregiversRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization1660 Words   |  7 PagesKyler Smith 9/15 â€Å"Marijuana Legalization† The legality of cannabis varies from country to country. Possession of cannabis is illegal in most countries and has been since the beginning of widespread cannabis prohibition in the late 1930s. However, possession of the drug in small quantities had been decriminalized in many countries and sub-national entities in several parts of the world. Furthermore, possession is legal or effectively legal in the Netherlands, Uruguay, and in the US states of ColoradoRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana And Marijuana Essay1314 Words   |  6 PagesMarijuana or Cannabis is one of the bused drugs in America and the rest of the world. Interesting accumulating evidence show that the significant negative impact of this drug outweighs the positive effects. However, the medical benefits of the drug seem on the process of chemical compounds as compared to the drug itself. Medical debates show that chemical compound in marijuana are the problem as compared to the plant. The said chemical compound af fects the mental and physical health of the personsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization996 Words   |  4 Pages the monetary gain of its legalization for most has been productive to say the least. For example, Denver Colorado is on track to more than triple the marijuana tax revenue this year alone. $44 million was collected in 2014. In July 2015, 73.5 million was collected, while 19.6 million went to schools. A place such as Chicago could really use the legalization to help with the school system infrastructure issues they have. With a deficit of over 1.1 billion marijuana sales could alleviate bothRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana1550 Words   |  7 PagesLegalization of Marijuana: Benefits and Statistics The topic of legalizing marijuana has been a topic of controversy for quite some time now not only throughout our local streets, but throughout the local and into the state government. The legalization of marijuana is such a controversial topic because some are for it and some are against it. People are for the legalization because of the great uses it has towards medicine, the money that could come from the taxation of legalized marijuana, andRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana972 Words   |  4 PagesOn January 1st the states of Colorado and Washington officially began the regulation of legal marijuana sales. Thousands of people from all over the country including tourists from Wisconsin, Ohio, Chicago, and even Georgia lined up out front of dispensaries to make a purchase. Recreational marijuana is being regulated and monitored like alcohol; you must be at least 21 years old to make a purchase. The drug, which is controversial in many states’ legislations, is currently l egal for medical useRead MoreThe Legalization of Marijuana628 Words   |  2 PagesThe Legalization of Marijuana Marijuana, the plant of the cannabis, has been around since the early 1900’s. Throughout history, marijuana has been used illegally, for both recreational and medical uses. Recently, marijuana has been used for medicinal purposes, like aiding HIV/AIDs patients, healing migraines and controlling nausea caused by chemotherapy. Today, there are currently 21 American states that have legalized medicinal marijuana including two states that have legalized recreational marijuana

Slides Free Essays

Because they contain N functions, the dyes were screened in vitro for antibacterial activity; of over 0,000 tested dyes none showed any antibiotic activity However, In vivo studies with mice, that had been infected with a bacterial culture, showed that several dyes counteracted gram-positive bacterial Intections. HDR. F. We will write a custom essay sample on Slides or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2013 Prontosll Gerhard Domagk (Nobel Prize, 1939) was a research scientist at l. c. Farbenlndustrle,a German manufacturer of dyes and other chemicals. He carried out studies that showed Prontosil to be an effective antibacterial agent. When Domagk’s daughter developed a streptococcal Infection (having cut her finger), and was in danger of having an arm amputated (or worse), she was the first patient to receive rontosil and be cured by it (1935). Prontosil received wider tame when it was used to save the lite ot Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr. , son of the US president. HDR-F-2013 infected with a bacterial culture. Several dyes were found to counteract gram-positive bacterial infections. NH2 o s Prontosil Later it was discovered that, in living organisms, Prontosil is converted to sulfanilamide, and that sulfanilamide was the actual active compound. Sulfanilamide inhibits the synthesis of folic acid, which is an essential chemical compound for bacterial growth. Penicillin bacterial infections in 1941. By 1943, penicillin was being produced for the military and was first used for war casualties in Sicily and Tunsia. CH3 Penicillins act by modifying an enzyme involved in the synthesis ofa a bacterium’s cell wall. the synthesis of bacterium’s cell wall. Actively growing bacteria die because they areare Actively growing bacteria die because they unable to produce a a functional cell wall. unable to produce functional cell wall. Penicillins have no effect on mammalian cells because they are not enclosed by cell walls. The first penicillin was isolated in in 1938 and The first penicillin was isolated 1938 and ound to cure bacterial infections in in mice. was found to cure bacterial infections mice. It It was used successfully in nine cases ofof human used successfully in nine cases human Hormones Hormones are chemical messengers – organic compounds synthesized in glands and delivered by the bloodstream to target tissues in order to stimulate or inhibit some biochemical process. Many hormones are steroids. Remember: All steroids contain a tetracyclic ring system. The most abundant member of the steroid family in anlmals (ana numans) Is cnolestero of all other steroids. Steroids c t Is tne precursor Steroids are organic compounds that contain four cycloalkane rings, three cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane ring; they are Joined (fused) in a specific way. The steroid core has 20 C atoms, 17 form the four rings, plus three methyl groups. sack to HORMONES Sex The sex hormones are divided into three groups: (1) the male sex hormones, or androgens; (2) the female sex hormones, or estrogens; (3) the pregnancy hormones, or progestins. All sex hormones are steroids. ster010s perTorm many Tunctlons n Function Regulation of secondary sexual characteristics Reproduction and control of the reproductive cycle Regulation of metabolism Examples Estradiol (an estrogen); testosterone (an androgen) Progesterone and the gestagens Digestion of fat Cell membrane component Cholic acid; bile salts Cholesterol Cortisol; cortisone derivatives This is the basic carbon skeleton for all steroids. 10. 7 Testosterone, the principal male sex hormone, is responsible for male secondary sex characteristics. Synthetic testosterone analogs (anabolic steroids) are used in medicine to promote muscle and tissue growth, e. g. , patients with muscular atrophy. Anabolic steroids are used illegally, most commonly by â€Å"body builders† and athletes. The health risks are numerous, including liver cancer, coronary neart Olsease, ana s er Estradiol is the principal female sex hormone. It is responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics and participates in the control of the menstrual cycle. Progesterone is an example of a progestin: it prepares the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized egg. Synthetic analogs of progesterone and estradiol are the active agents in the birth control pill, allowing for control of the menstrual cycle and ovulation. An estimated 50 to 60 million women worldwide use â€Å"the pill† as the primary form of ontraception. Drug Use RU-486, The Abortion Pill RI-J-486 acts as an antagonist – a drug that fits into a receptor site, but does not have the customary effect as does another drug; in this case the other drug is progesterone. Cortisone Cortisone, used extensively in the treatment of rheumatoid inflammations, is one of the adrenocortical hormones produced in the outer part of the adrenal gland. These hormones participate in regulating the electrolyte and water balance in the body, as well as in protein and carbohydrate metabolism. Ethics of Methotrexate is a prescription drug used in the reatment of breast cancer. It can be used to block the action of folic acid, which is required for normal cell Olvlslon ana growtn 0T an emoryo. LIKe RI-J-486, it can be used to induce abortion in the weeks of pregnancy. Once a drug is approved by the FDA, a physician can prescribe it for purposes not originally intended by the drug manufacturer. Medicines Prescription, Generic, and the pioneer drug, but cannot Prescription, is chemically equivalent to Over-the-counter be A generic drug Generic, and Over-the-counter marketed until the patent protection on the pioneer drug has run out after 20 ears. A generic drug is chemically equivalent to the pioneer drug, but cannot be A generic drug is chemically equivalent to the pioneer drug, but cannot be marketed until the patent protection on the pioneer drug has run The lower priced drug protection on the pioneer its generic name,out after 20 marketed until the patent commonly marketed under drug has run out in this20 after case alprazolam instead of Xanax. The lower priced drug commonly marketed under its generic name, in this The lower priced druginstead of Xanax. case alprazolam commonly marketed under its generic name, in this Prescription, Generic, and Over-the-counter A generic drug is chemically equivalent to the pioneer drug, but cannot be marketed until the patent protection on the pioneer drug has run out after 20 years. 10. 10 The lower priced drug commonly marketed under its generic name, in this case alprazolam instead of Xanax. 10. 1 Heroal Remeales 10. 11 Ephedra Ephedra – used safely for thousands of years as herbal remedy known as Ma Huang. In 2003, several deaths related to the ingredients led the FDA (in 2004) to ban ephedra products. At this time, there are ongoing discussions to make the product available again. The herb contains the amphetamine-like alkaloids – ephedrine and the less active pseudoephedrine. Pseudoephedrene is used as a decongestant Ephedrine is a bronchodilator (opens the airways), and a stimulant Drugs of Abuse Ephreda was responsible for the deaths of over 80 people. An ephreda manufacturer challenged the FDA ban in court, claiming that the FDA had failed to prove that ephreda was not safe at low doses. In 2006, the US Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit upheld the FDA’s ban on ephreda. Heroin Morphin diacetylmorphin, alkaloid in opium â€Å"chemically modified† high the â€Å"abused† natural drug Tetrahydrocannabinol – Marijuana A9-tetrahydrocannabinol is the principal psychoactive component of the cannabis plant (marijuana), the most commonly abused illicit drug in the US; effects include euphoria and anxiety. Medical uses are being discussed; legal in some states; the Federal Government is opposed. One way to look at drugs is to classify them by their medical usefulness and their potential of abuse. Drugs of abuse can also be classified by their tendency to lead to physical dependence (addiction) vs. the physical harm they inflict on the user. Many addictive drugs are also highly detrimental to uman health. OxyconBn OxyContin contains oxycodone Oxycodone has been used safely for many years. But this formulation includes a time-released mechanism for long-lasting treatment of chronic pain. Drug abusers quickly determined how to get around the time-release and were able to rapidly ingest large amounts of oxycodone. The effects were said to be similar to heroin. Over-prescribed in the Appalachian areas in late 1990s and early 2000s. Many became addicted. An Amino Acid serotonin Tryptophan is converted to serotonin, an antidepressant, which is converted to melotonin, inducing drowsiness How to cite Slides, Papers

The Panopticon, an architectural project developed by Jeremy Bentham Essay Example For Students

The Panopticon, an architectural project developed by Jeremy Bentham Essay Because its your money youre spending. The opportunities for savings, however, present potential dangers for inmates who must endure the possibility of compromised operating costs, or more explicitly, abuse at the hands of prison employees. ~~~ The emergence of privately run and operated prisons is a championing of free market capitalism. As the discourses of profit and loss emerge in those of the proper modes of incarceration, the processes, functions, and goals of a business become the model of the prison institutions success. As prison businesses are seen as viable investments and marked as ethical societal gestures, as I will discuss below, the act of disciplining an imprisoned population mutates into a simple monetary transaction between the state and private entrepreneurs. Prisoners are no more than raw materials to be profited off of in a scenario that paints them as owing their lifeblood to a society they have purposely and maliciously acted against. This transaction should be examined closely, for it reorients Foucaults discussion of the ways in which disciplinary practices produce the very delinquency they are stationed to oversee. The noticeable shift, however, is that current disciplining practices, specifically the privately run penal apparatus, are positioned quite literally to produce both markets and a demand for illegality itself. Capital ventures are, of course, grounded in antagonism fueled by competition. However, competition cannot properly earn a profit if it does not continuously increase its productive power. Consequently, prison industries are faced with the objective of expanding their own market shares (against one another), which thereby presses upon the demand for additional crime and criminal behavior. Therefore, the separation and distribution of inmates and their labor serve the goals of profit, guarded by a specific class in what is ultimately the production of crime and the sale of discipline. One might ask how this development becomes reasonable. The rhetoric fueling privatization argues the inherent benefit of turning prison institutions into viable businesses is first and foremost the termination of wasteful taxation. The burden on taxpayers left with the bill for the punishment of a class of dispossessed individuals is duly unfair, and social body therefore has the right to make use of inmates in ways that set this imbalance right. Today, the journal Crime and Punishment in America states, prison inmates are a huge drain on tax payers, despite the millions of available hours of healthy, prime-age labor they represent. Prisoners, on this account, must first be viewed as potential work hours wasted and second as opportunities to produce excess funds for their governments. The National center for Policy Analysis, a conservative government think-tank, echoes a similar sentiment: it is Time to put prisoners to work. They ought to earn their keep claims the center, So-called prison industries can help control costs, reduce recidivism rates and restore public faith in the justice system. If renewing public support for the justice system is not a worthy enough goal then the celebration of independent market freedoms will suffice. For the most explicit argument on behalf of privatization interfaces the noble principles of free market economy upon the treatment of crime; it simply states that economic theory ought to determine our decisions about prison operation. Economic theory implies that if there were a formal market to buy, sell and rent prison cells, the problems of funding and efficiently allocating prison space would decrease. And there are numerous unexploited opportunities to reduce the net costs of prisons by creating factories behind bars, having prisoners earn their keep and compensating victims. The most promising ways to control taxpayers costs include privatizing prison construction and operation. Short of full privatization, government-operated correctional facilities could be corporatized and operated like private businesses. Internal to the popularity of free market principles in the theorizing and practice of prison operation, lies the attraction of inmate work. Hundreds of thousands of American prisoners work in prison industries, a term that defines several specific but connected enterprises: Federal and state prisons that employ inmates to manufacture goods for sale to both the government and the open market, and private firms that are contracted to hire prisoners for various services or labor. The value of hard labor has a long and animated history; its mythological powers have historically promised virtue, single-mindedness, and a regimented morality. Idleness, it has long been thought, poisons a mans mind. World hunger EssayWith perhaps the exception of slavery, never in the history of corporate investment has this body produced such an extensive capital venture. While privatization is justified by the urgency of budgetary concernswe no longer can afford to feed and house the massive number of people we are sending off to our prisonsits organization must be understood to provide the means to simultaneously profit from the inculcation of docility and the production of crime. Wrapped in this exigence is the assumption that there is no asylum from the assault of crime on society, it is a problem of bad people incapableor perhaps unwillingto live within the bounds of lawful probity. The truths that continue to be circulated in order for privatization to gain momentum are that we need additional cells to eradicate the rampant crime in our cities, that penality is the proper response to illegality, that there exists a dangerous class whose cultural pathology must be neutralized; and, that prison is the means by which that objective is secured. As incarceration takes on an economic function, the control of the prison labor force and the penal apparatus that supports it will eclipse not only inventive policies that take as their starting point the current economic and social disenfranchisement of African Americans (and others), but also thenearly absentissue of true prison rehabilitation. Measures that genuinely reduce crime, recidivism rates, and enable imprisoned citizens to recover their dignity, self-respect and capacity to live well will not be productive investments under these circumstances. Officials in the business of privatization are confident in the continuing volume of incoming inmates today: I dont think we have to worry about running out of product, a warden working for CCA recently remarked. But what are the possibilities for the future? We need only imagine a slowdown in the amount of bodies serviced by the criminal justice system to surmise the worst: lobbying mechanisms designed to push for legislation that might antagonize the demand for additional product. It is here we see most clearly capitalist market forces dominating the panoptic principle. Corporate institutions whose national and global powers are the primary factors in production, trade, and retail operation are changing the modes and characteristics of discipline and regulation. This discipline serves to distributes bodies, practices, and relations in ways that enable the further accumulation of capital. The domain in which this total control is articulated is the geography of commercethe sale, quite literally, of the politically invested body. Foucault has argued that the economic success of this country is due to the coordination of just these two processes: he accumulation of men and the accumulation of capital cannot be separated; it would not have been possible to solve the problem of the accumulation of men without the growth of an apparatus of production capable of both sustaining them and using them The orderly utilization of a collection of men has ensured the power of a ruling class and the asymmetrical flow of profits from their disciplined labor. That such conditions thrive in the United States is testament to the exploitation of a specific class and the successful coercion of men by the minute and detailed disciplinary measures of the panoptic society. The private corporation, as it assumes the direct control of the prison institution, further concretizes a contract between the subject, discipline, and capital. It removes an insulation that makes plain the relationship between political division and monetary regulation. Ultimately the growing prominence of the private corporation as the custodial mechanism of disciplinary control signals transformations in the carceral system. In short, those transformations threaten to heighten the threshold of tolerance to both penal control and the commodification of the delinquent body.